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Trail: Creating a GUI with JFC/Swing
Lesson: Using Swing Components

How to Make Frames (Main Windows)

A frame, implemented as an instance of the JFrame(in the API reference documentation) class, is a window that has decorations such as a border, a title, and buttons for closing and iconifying the window. Applications with a GUI typically use at least one frame. Applets sometimes use frames, as well.

To make a window that's dependent on another window -- disappearing when the other window is iconified, for example -- use a dialog instead of a frame. To make a window that appears within another window, use an internal frame.

Here are two pictures of an empty-looking frame, each taken on a different platform.
SolarisWindows

A snapshot of FrameDemo running on Solaris

A snapshot of FrameDemo running on Windows


Note:  The decorations on a frame are platform-dependent. You cannot change the decorations on a frame.

The Example Explained

The following code creates and sets up the frame from the previous figure and makes it visible onscreen. You can find the whole program in FrameDemo.java(in a .java source file).
public static void main(String s[]) {
    JFrame frame = new JFrame("FrameDemo");

    frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
        public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {System.exit(0);}
    });

    //...create a blank label, set its preferred size...

    frame.getContentPane().add(emptyLabel, BorderLayout.CENTER);

    frame.pack();
    frame.setVisible(true);
}
The first line of code creates a frame with the constructor that lets you set the frame's title. The only other constructor provided by JFrame is a no-argument constructor.

Next the code adds a window listener to the frame. The listener's implementation makes the program exit when the user closes the frame. This behavior is appropriate for this program because the program has only one frame, and closing the frame makes the program useless. If the program didn't exit, then it would continue to run but have no visible GUI and no way of making any GUI visible. See Responding to Window-Closing Events for more information.

The bold line in the code segment adds a blank label to the frame's content pane. If you're not already familiar with content panes and how to add components to them, please read Adding Components to the Content Pane.

The next line gives the frame a size, using the pack method. The pack method sizes the frame so that all its contents are at or above their preferred sizes. An alternative to pack is to establish a frame's size explicitly by calling setSize. In general, using pack is preferable to calling setSize, since pack leaves the frame's layout manager in charge of the frame's size, and layout managers are good at adjusting to platform dependencies and other factors that affect component size.

The last line uses the setVisible method to make the frame appear onscreen. Sometimes you might see the show method used instead of setVisible(true). The two usages are equivalent, but we use setVisible(true) for consistency's sake.


Note:  If any part of the frame has been realized you should invoke setVisible from the event dispatching thread. For a definition of the term "realized" and information about the event dispatching thread, refer to Threads and Swing(in the Creating a GUI with JFC/Swing trail).

Responding to Window-Closing Events

By default, when the user closes a frame onscreen, the frame is hidden. Although invisible, the frame still exists and the program can make it visible again. If you want different behavior, then you need to either register a window listener that handles window-closing events, or you need to specify default close behavior using the setDefaultCloseOperation method. You can even do both.

The argument to setDefaultCloseOperation must be one of the following values, which are defined in the WindowConstants(in the API reference documentation) interface (which JFrame implements):

The default close operation is executed after the frame's window listeners (if any) handle the window-closing event. So, for example, assume that you specify that the default close operation is to dispose of the frame. You also implement a window listener that tests whether the frame is the last one and, if so, exits the application. Under these conditions, when the user closes a frame, the window listener will be called first. If it doesn't exit the application, then the default close operation -- disposing of the frame -- will then be performed.

For more information about handling window-closing events, see How to Write a Window Listener(in the Creating a GUI with JFC/Swing trail). Besides handling window-closing events, window listeners can also react to other window state changes, such as iconification and activation.

The Frame API

The following tables list the commonly used JFrame constructors and methods. Other methods you're likely to call are defined by the java.awt.Frame(in the API reference documentation) and java.awt.Window(in the API reference documentation) classes, from which JFrame descends. These methods include pack, setSize, setVisible, setTitle, and getTitle.

Because each JFrame object has a root pane, frames have support for interposing input and painting behavior in front of the frame's children, placing children on different "layers", and for Swing menu bars. These topics are introduced in Using Top-Level Containers. and explained in detail in How to Use Root Panes.

The API for using frames falls into these categories:

Creating and Setting Up a Frame
Method Purpose
JFrame()
JFrame(String)
Create a frame that is initially invisible. Call setVisible(true) on the frame to make it visible. The String argument provides a title for the frame. You can also use setTitle to set a frame's title. The constructors taking a GraphicsConfiguration argument were introduced in 1.3.
void setDefaultCloseOperation(int)
int getDefaultCloseOperation()
Set or get the operation that occurs when the user pushes the close button on this frame. Possible choices are:
  • DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE
  • HIDE_ON_CLOSE (the default)
  • DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE
  • EXIT_ON_CLOSE
The first three constants are defined in the WindowConstants(in the API reference documentation) interface, which JFrame implements. The EXIT_ON_CLOSE constant is defined in the JFrame(in the API reference documentation) class, and was introduced in 1.3.
setDefaultLookAndFeelDecorated(boolean)
boolean isDefaultLookAndFeelDecoration()
Determine whether newly created JFrames should have their Window decorations (such as borders, widgets for closing the window, title) provided by the current look and feel. Note that this is only a hint, as some look and feels may not support this feature. Introduced in 1.4. [PENDING: add discussion and example of L&F-generated decorations; link from here to discussion.]

Methods Related to the Root Pane
Method Purpose
void setContentPane(Container)
Container getContentPane()
Set or get the frame's content pane. The content pane contains the frame's visible GUI components and should be opaque.
JRootPane createRootPane()
void setRootPane(JRootPane)
JRootPane getRootPane()
Create, set, or get the frame's root pane. The root pane manages the interior of the frame including the content pane, the glass pane, and so on.
void setJMenuBar(JMenuBar)
JMenuBar getJMenuBar()
Set or get the frame's menu bar to manage a set of menus for the frame.
void setGlassPane(Component)
Component getGlassPane()
Set or get the frame's glass pane. You can use the glass pane to intercept mouse events.
void setLayeredPane(JLayeredPane)
JLayeredPane getLayeredPane()
Set or get the frame's layered pane. You can use the frame's layered pane to put components on top of or behind other components.

Examples that Use Frames

All of the examples in this trail that are standalone applications use JFrame. The following table lists a few and tells you where each is discussed.

Example Where Described Notes
FrameDemo The Example Explained Displays a basic frame with one component.
Framework -- A study in creating and destroying windows, in implementing a menu bar, and in exiting an application.
ColorChooserDemo How to Use Color Choosers A subclass of JFrame that adds components to the default content pane.
TableDemo How to Use Tables A subclass of JFrame that sets the frame's content pane.
LayeredPaneDemo How to Use Layered Panes Illustrates how to use a layered pane (but not the frame's layered pane).
GlassPaneDemo The Glass Pane Illustrates the use of a frame's glass pane.
MenuDemo How to Use Menus Shows how to put a JMenuBar in a JFrame.


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