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Working with Random Access Files

The input and output streams in this lesson so far have been sequential access streams--streams whose contents must be read or written sequentially. Although such streams are incredibly useful, they are a consequence of a sequential medium, such as paper and magnetic tape. A random access files, on the other hand, permit nonsequential, or random, access to a file's contents.

So why might you need random access files? Consider the archive format called ZIP. A ZIP archive contains files and is typically compressed to save space. It also contain a dir-entry at the end that indicates where the various files contained within the ZIP archive begin:

Suppose that you want to extract a specific file from a ZIP archive. If you use a sequential access stream, you have to:

1. Open the ZIP archive.
2. Search through the ZIP archive until you located the file you wanted to extract.
3. Extract the file.
4. Close the ZIP archive.

Using this algorithm, on average, you'd have to read half the ZIP archive before finding the file that you wanted to extract. You can extract the same file from the ZIP archive more efficiently by using the seek feature of a random access file and following these steps:

• Open the ZIP archive.
• Seek to the dir-entry and locate the entry for the file you want to extract from the ZIP archive.
• Seek (backward) within the ZIP archive to the position of the file to extract.
• Extract the file.
• Close the ZIP archive.

This algorithm is more efficient because you read only the dir-entry and the file that you want to extract.

The RandomAccessFile class in the java.io package implements a random access file.

Using Random Access Files

Unlike the input and output stream classes in java.io, RandomAccessFile is used for both reading and writing files. You create a RandomAccessFile object with different arguments depending on whether you intend to read or write.

RandomAccessFile is somewhat disconnected from the input and output streams in java.io; that is, it doesn't inherit from the InputStream or OutputStream. This has some disadvantages in that you can't apply the same filters to RandomAccessFiles that you can to streams. However, RandomAccessFile does implement the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces, so if you design a filter that works for either DataInput or DataOutput, it will work on some sequential access files (the ones that implemented DataInput or DataOutput) as well as on any RandomAccessFile.

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